The future is bright for work trucks. Advances in vehicle technology and alternative fuels hold the promise for a new era in which the light- and medium-duty workhorses of the American economy are no longer the fossil fuel-burning smog machines they once were.
Meanwhile, fallout from the recent economic crisis has forward-thinking fleet managers and business owners stuck in neutral. Tight budgets have forced them to keep trucks in service well beyond their projected lifecycles. And for many of those in a position to cycle in new trucks, the upfront cost of greener vehicles remains prohibitive.
"On average, we'd buy two dozen new vehicles a year," says Doug Flesher, fleet manager for Golden Valley, Minn.-based Wessin Transport Inc. "We haven't bought a new vehicle since August 2007. And for the class of truck we're running, basically a 12,000 GVW, there's no hybrid that fits our needs that's cost-effective. Even if we wanted to convert to something like compressed natural gas, [our vehicles] are just too old."
The good news? There are a number of strategies you can implement immediately to improve the fuel economy of your gas- and diesel-powered work truck fleet.
1. Downsize for Savings
If you're adding to your truck fleet this year but don't have an extra $20,000 to $40,000 to invest in the hybrid version or can't wait for the ROI, what are your alternatives?
Jason Mathers is project manager for corporate partnerships at the Environmental Defense Fund in Boston. He recently published a white paper, available as a free download at www.edf.org, that details the green initiatives of several large, medium-duty truck fleets. He says that vehicle selection is the first step toward reducing fuel costs.
"The biggest environmental decision a fleet manager can make is deciding which vehicles to add to your fleet," Mathers says. "It's the same for fleets of 10,000 or 15."
Mathers' paper profiles companies such as Farmington, Conn.-based Carrier Corp. For years, the HVAC systems manufacturer relied on the cargo space afforded by Ford E-250 service vans. The company wanted to build a more fuel-efficient fleet and maintain its partnership with Ford. Its solution was to convert part of the van fleet over to F-150 pickups.
"You may not think of F-150s as environmentally friendly," Mathers says, "but if it's more efficient and does the job, you're moving in the right direction."
Even downsizing one vehicle can yield substantial savings for your fleet:
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2. Tailor Equipment to the Task
Eric Hansen, owner of Competitive Lawn Service Inc. in Downers Grove, Ill., was looking for a way to eliminate the man hours required to shovel out dirt and other fill but couldn't make the math work for a medium-duty dump truck. The solution: He installed a dump insert from EZ Dumper in the bed of his Ford F-350 pickup to haul loads.
Hansen says that although a dually dump truck allows for twice the payload, the added capacity is overkill. He gets three to five more miles per gallon with the pickup and dump insert, which contributes to substantial savings with the number of daily miles the trucks travel.
But what about the miles where your truck isn't hauling or towing anything? That's where the vehicle's "tare," or empty, weight comes into play. Lightweight components such as aluminum rims, lift gates and jockey boxes also help reduce weight, but vehicle selection is still the key.
3. Adjust Top Speed and Shift Points
It's a fact: High speeds and jackrabbit starts burn fuel. But drivers' behavior is hard to control once they leave the office. That problem was addressed by Mike Payette, fleet manager for Framingham, Mass.-based Staples Inc. by reprogramming the electronic control module (ECM) on the company's Isuzu N-Series delivery trucks.
When Payette first sought a technical solution, he was met with resistance from his OEM. Undaunted, he started experimenting. His first stop was the fuel pump.
"We picked up a used fuel pump and started making adjustments that would reduce the amount of fuel going to the engine," Payette recalls. "We found that it was going to be kind of a hit-or-miss, and it would not have been practical to pull trucks off the road for days at a time. And the majority of our fleet is leased. At the end of the lease, you have to return them to whatever their normal settings were for resale."
Payette then sought expertise from Hypertech Inc. in Bartlett, Tenn., a company known as an industry leader on the computing side of automotive performance. Hypertech said it was possible to reprogram the ECM to reduce the trucks' peak torque and top speed.
Payette took Hypertech's report back to Isuzu, and the manufacturer relented. Isuzu sent him a specially programmed Tech 2 diagnostic device that could be plugged into each truck's OBD port, allowing him to manually adjust the N-Series' top speed to 60 mph. The results? The adjusted trucks now consistently achieve more than 11 mpg, well above the established baseline of 8.5 mpg.
One problem remained, however. The Tech 2 could only be used on ECMs from 2005-MY and newer, and Payette still had plenty of older trucks in service. For the 2004s on down, the solution had to be mechanical.
Payette solved the problem by adjusting the throttle stop bolt on the gas pedal, allowing the pedal to be depressed only three-quarters of the way. This kept the truck at a top speed of 60 mph and forced the transmission to shift from first gear to second early, at 12 miles per hour. "With the mechanical solution, we started saving fuel on every upshift," says Payette.
As the adjustments were under way, Payette began to wonder if his fuel savings could be wiped out by overtime pay incurred by drivers spending more time on the road. He soon learned that improved fuel economy led to fewer stops at the gas station, negating time lost to slower speeds.
"After we made the changes, they were stopping every third day rather than every other day. Each fuel stop takes about 20 minutes. In a 10-hour day, [the reduced top speed] added seven and a half minutes to the driver's day. So the extra seven minutes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday was already offset by not stopping for fuel on Tuesday. Our labor line was absolutely flat, and we got the fuel savings we were looking for."
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Janet Powell is the fleet manager for PoolCorp in Covington, La. Like Payette, she is in charge of a nationwide delivery fleet and was looking for ways to reduce her fuel spend. She reduced the top speed to 70 mph - 65 on cruise control - for all her Class 5-and-above trucks. Her experience was also similar to Payette's in that what she assumed would be a simple fix turned out to be more complicated.
"We did it [by adjusting] the ECM settings," Powell says. "The dealerships had set a password, and that was something we had to learn along the way. In the beginning, we thought it would be easy. 'Take it in to get an oil change, plug it into the diagnostic board, type in your parameters, and you're done.' It wasn't that simple. Just because someone can read the code does not mean they can adjust the ECM settings."
To complete the adjustments, Powell worked closely with her OEMs and fleet management company. At the time, she was looking forward to cycling in more trucks.
"We thought, 'Well, when the new trucks come from the factory, they'll come set the way we want,'" she says. "But then the economy went the way it did, and we haven't been able to order any new trucks."
4. Idle Cutoff
Nothing burns more fuel at a lower rate of return than running an engine at zero mpg. Staples' Payette managed to net another 5 percent fuel economy savings by installing a three-minute idle shutdown made by Mentor, Ohio-based Malone Specialties Inc. In addition to shutting the trucks off, the system tells him how many times it kicked in.
"We download that and sit the drivers down and say, 'You're supposed to be turning the truck off. Why is the system turning the truck off?'"
"We set the idle cutoff to five minutes," says PoolCorp's Powell. "We were concerned with our drivers making a 45-minute delivery and not shutting the engine off because they didn't want to lose the A/C."
Of course, it's not always a question of driver behavior. Upfits that include hydraulics, power lift gates and other features that run on power takeoff (PTO) also keep engines running while the trucks are parked. For those, separate electric motors and other emerging technologies such as cold plates often can serve as a greener alternative.
5. Low-rolling Resistance Tires
You already know that under- or overinflated tires are detrimental to fuel efficiency and driver safety. But recent studies have proven that the right set of tires can actually boost your mpg. As tires roll along, they flatten against the road surface and then re-expand, generating heat and friction. The more resistance, the harder the engine has to work. Low-rolling resistance tires use precise design, advanced tread compounds and manufacturing processes to minimize resistance and save fuel.
Just how much fuel they can save is still up for debate, but tests by the California Energy Commission, Society of Automotive Engineers, Consumer Reports and others have found that switching to low-rolling resistance tires can result in a fuel efficiency improvement as low as 1 percent and as high as 5 percent.
6. Cab Fairings
Aerodynamic drag slows vehicles down and makes their engines work harder. That's why big rig operators install fiberglass cab fairings - also known as nose cones - to create a curved line between the top of the windshield and the leading edge of the trailer.
Can the same principle apply to medium-duty trucks? According to fleet managers Flesher and Payette, the answer is 'Yes.'
Wessin Transport's Flesher recently began investing in trucks upfitted by Unicell Body Co. in Buffalo, N.Y. The company builds molded, all-fiberglass bodies with an integrated fairing for improved aerodynamics. Flesher has been impressed by the fuel savings - and the performance of the lightweight fiberglass shell.
"I've had a couple of these things actually roll over, and that didn't even crack the fiberglass," he says. "I thought the shell would have exploded. Not even close."
Staples' Payette also experimented with aerodynamics. After establishing a baseline of 8.5 mpg, he installed a $500 cab fairing on one of his fleet's N-Series delivery trucks. The truck's speed was not governed, and Payette told the driver to drive as he normally would. The N-Series for which the top speed had been limited to 60 mph consistently achieved more than 11 mpg. The truck with the cab fairing also achieved better mileage, but not as much.
"The one with the nose cone went a little above nine miles per gallon, so we did see some improvement," Payette says. "But, of course, the driver was still rattling down the highway at 70 miles per hour."
Originally posted on Work Truck Online
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